Tens of thousands of residents of Diyarbakır's Sur district, part of the city's UNESCO world heritage site, are among an estimated half million people forced out of their homes as a result of a brutal crackdown by Turkish authorities over the past year which may amount to collective punishment, Amnesty International says in a new report. As the suppression of opposition Kurdish voices by the Turkish government intensifies, the report "Displaced and Dispossessed: Sur Residents' Right to Return Home," reveals the desperate plight of families forced out of the historical center of Diyarbakir as a result of intensive security operations toward the end of last year and an ongoing round-the-clock curfew. Homes in the once-bustling district have been destroyed by shelling, or demolished and expropriated to pave the way for a redevelopment project that very few former residents are likely to benefit from.

"A year after a round-the-clock curfew was imposed in Sur, thousands of people remain displaced from their homes, struggling to make ends meet and facing an uncertain future in an increasingly repressive atmosphere," said John Dalhuisen, Amnesty's Europe director. "Whilst the crackdown on civil society in southeastern Turkey has been widely reported, there has been little coverage of the forced displacement which has devastated the lives of ordinary people under the pretext of security."

Following the breakdown of a ceasefire in July 2015, clashes broke out between people affiliated to the armed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkish security forces. In response to declarations of "self-governance," the building of barricades and digging of trenches in Sur, central districts of Diyarbakır, and other towns across the southeast, authorities began imposing 24-hour curfews and carrying out heavily militarized security operations.

On Dec. 11, 2015, an indefinite 24-hour curfew was declared in six of Sur's 15 neighborhoods, preventing people from leaving their homes even to buy essential food or medical supplies. Police reportedly used loudspeakers to order people to leave. Water and electricity were cut for extended periods, while homes were rocked by army shells and peppered with bullets.

The clashes in Sur ended in March 2016, but the curfew has remained in large parts of the district. Following the forced evictions almost all properties have been expropriated by Turkish authorities with many buildings also demolished. Although return has been made almost impossible by the curfew and the destruction, some residents have ventured back only to find their homes ransacked and possessions looted or destroyed.

A woman told Amnesty that she was harassed by the police when she visited her home six months after being forced to leave, and is not planning to go back. "We found all our belongings broken and piled up in in the courtyard," she said. Her family was offered 3,000 Turkish lira (around 800 euros) compensation for the loss of their possessions, a fraction of what they were worth. Her daughter-in law said: "We were going to appeal but they said that this is all we would get, so we signed."

Displaced residents have been unable to find adequate alternative housing that is affordable, and have struggled to access essential services. Many lost their jobs when they were displaced and children have had their education severely disrupted or have dropped out of school altogether. Grossly inadequate compensation and a failure by authorities to provide sufficient—or in some cases any—rent assistance has pushed already impoverished families into greater hardship.

To compound the situation, the targeting of Kurdish opposition voices following this year's coup attempt has meant that NGOs providing vital support for poor and displaced people have now been shut down.

Residents reject government claims that the ongoing curfew and house demolitions are being done in the interest of security given that the clashes finished over eight months ago. Instead, they see them as part of a calculated plan to redevelop their neighborhoods and resettle the residents elsewhere. An urban regeneration project first aired in 2012 has been resurrected, although details remain scant and residents have not been consulted. This follows a pattern of such projects in Turkey, which have forcibly evicted residents who are never able to return home.

"On the bitter anniversary of the curfew in Sur, much of the population of this world heritage site have been forced to look on as their own heritage has been bulldozed," said Dalhuisen. "Shockingly, the desperate situation facing the displaced residents of Sur is mirrored in dozens of other districts across south-east Turkey. The government must act urgently to lift the curfew, ensure affected communities are fully compensated and either helped to return to what remains of their homes or, at the very least, to their neighborhoods." (AI, Dec. 6)